No. You are not obligated to flag the absence of a qualification. State where the skill came from — a project, a job, self-study — and move on to the evidence.
Yes, if you completed it. Put short courses and certificates in a separate "Professional development" or "Training" line rather than under a degree, so the distinction stays honest and clear.
Use volunteer work, freelance jobs, personal projects, or open-source contributions. The proof does not have to be paid — it has to be specific and verifiable.
Yes, if the job ad names it as a core requirement. Lead with the strongest piece of evidence for that skill, then explain how you acquired it.
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